Influence of foliar application of glycinebetaine on Tagetes erecta L yield cultivated under salinity conditions / Influência da aplicação foliar de glicinebetaína na produtividade de Tagetes erecta L cultivada em condições de salinidade

Tagetes genus of Composite family consider one of the most favorite floriculture plants. Therefore, of particular interest examine the salt tolerance of this bedding and coloring agent plant. In this research, was report the role of glycinebetaine (GB) in attenuating the adverse impacts of salt stress in African marigold plant, along with their anti-oxidative capacities and biochemical attributes. The salt stressed African marigold (100 and 150 mM NaCl) was treated with GB at 200 mM, beside untreated control plants. According to the obtained results, the growth characters were negatively in salt stressed plants but a mitigate impact of GB were observed in this respect. Obviously, the morphological as well as some physiological characters were reduced with salinity treatments while GB treatment reverses these effects. Overall, the alleviate impact of GB on the negative impact of salt stress was enhanced through improving total phenolic and antioxidant enzyme activity. Further, it is concluded that GB concentration induces the activities of antioxidative enzymes which scavenged ROS increased under saline conditions.

O Tagetes, da família Composite, é um dos gêneros mais apreciados de plantas de floricultura. Portanto, é de particular interesse examinar a tolerância ao sal desta planta de substrato e corante. Nesta pesquisa, foi relatado o papel da glicinebetaína (GB) na atenuação dos impactos adversos do estresse salino na calêndula africana, juntamente com suas capacidades antioxidantes e atributos bioquímicos. A calêndula africana estressada com sal (NaCl 100 e 150 mM) foi tratada com GB a 200 mM, ao lado de plantas de controle não tratadas. De acordo com os resultados obtidos, os caracteres de crescimento foram negativos em plantas estressadas por sal, mas um impacto mitigado de GB foi observado neste aspecto. Obviamente, os caracteres morfológicos e fisiológicos foram reduzidos com os tratamentos de salinidade, enquanto o tratamento com GB reverteu esses efeitos. No geral, o impacto de alívio do GB no impacto negativo do estresse salino foi aprimorado através da melhoria da atividade das enzimas fenólicas e antioxidantes totais. Além disso, conclui-se que a concentração de GB induz as atividades de enzimas antioxidantes que sequestraram ROS aumentadas em condições salinas.

Estudio del desarrollo, calidad de planta y acumulación de pigmentos en lígulas de tagetes erecta l: expuestas a dos intensidades de luz / Study of development, quality of plant and accumulation of pigments in ligules of tagetes erecta l: exposed to two light intensities

The carotenoids are photosensitive pigments during photosynthesis. The objective of this work was to study the effect on development and accumulation of carotenoids in ligules of Tagetes erecta exposed under two different lighting ambient (with mesh and without mesh of 50 percent). The plant development was evaluated measuring the height of the plant, number of floral buds, the ligules diameter. In adition, the quantification and identification of carotenoids from ligules was done by HPLC. The results showed significant differences (p<0.05) in the height of the plant, number of floral buds and ligules diameter of T. erecta. The group grown without mesh received greater UV radiation and different temperature, that under a mesh. The first conditions lead to a reduction of the ligules diameter and total content of xanthophylls (lutein and zeaxanthin). The plastids ultrastructure in the cells of T. erecta developed with mesh showed the greatest amount of thylakoid membranes and more conspicuous starch granules.

Los carotenoides son pigmentos fotosensibles frente a un exceso de intensidad luminosa durante el proceso de fotosíntesis. El objetivo de este trabajo fue el estudio del efecto en el desarrollo de la planta y la acumulación de carotenoides por la exposición a dos diferentes intensidades lumínicas (con y sin malla de sombra al 50 por ciento). Se evaluó el desarrollo de T. erecta en cuanto a la altura de la planta, número de botones florales y el diámetro de las lígulas. Adicionalmente, en las lígulas se cuantificaron e identificaron los carotenoides por HPLC. Los resultados mostraron diferencias significativas (p<0.05) en cuanto al desarrollo de las plantas expuestas a mayor radiación UV y temperatura, presentaron reducción del diámetro de las lígulas y disminución en el contenido de Xantófilas totales ( luteína y zeaxantina) con respecto a las cultivadas con malla,. La ultraestructura de los plastidios mostró mayor cantidad de membranas tilacoidales y gránulos de almidón más conspicuos en las células de las plantas de T erecta desarrolladas con malla.

Influência da adubação e da cobertura morta na produtividade e no teor de flavonóides de Calendula officinalis L. (Asteraceae) / Influence of fertilization and mulching on the productivity and flavonoid content of Calendula officinalis L. (Asteraceae)

Desenvolveu-se ensaio de cultivo de Calendula officinalis, variando-se os tipos de adubação e utilização de cobertura morta na observação da produção de inflorescências, droga vegetal e quantificação dos flavonóides presentes nestes materiais.O delineamento experimental adotado foi de blocos casualizados com 3 repetições, em arranjo fatorial de 3 x 2, constituído de seis tratamentos, sendo 1. adubação química (100 kg de N ha-1 + 50 kg de P ha-1); 2. adubação química + cobertura morta (grama seca - Paspalum notatum); 3. adubação orgânica (esterco bovino curtido 50 t ha-1); 4. adubação orgânica + cobertura morta; 5. sem adubação química ou orgânica + cobertura morta; 6. sem adubação química ou orgânica e sem cobertura morta (testemunha). Os resultados de número capítulos produzidos, massa seca das inflorescências e massa da droga vegetal foram totalizados após cinco meses do plantio. A quantificação de flavonóides foi realizada através de método espectrofotométrico. Os dados foram analisados estatisticamente (ANOVA/Teste Tukey-Kramer-5 por cento) e mostraram diferenças significativas (70 por cento superior) no número de inflorescências, massa seca das inflorescências e massa da droga vegetal entre o tratamento com adubação orgânica (3) e os tratamentos sem adubação química ou orgânica com cobertura morta (5) e o testemunha (6). As demais comparações, inclusive o teor de flavonóides, entre os diversos tratamentos não resultaram em diferenças significativas.

Calendula officinalis was experimentally grown under field conditions with different fertilization types and mulching in order to evaluate inflorescence production, plant drugs and flavonoid levels. Experimental design was in randomized blocks, with 3 replicates, in a 3x2 factorial arrangement, consisting of six treatments, as follows: 1. chemical fertilization (100 kg N ha-1 + 50 kg P ha-1); 2. chemical fertilization + mulch (dry grass - Paspalum notatum); 3. organic fertilization (cured bovine manure 50 t ha-1); 4. organic fertilization + mulch; 5. no chemical or organic fertilization + mulch; 6. no chemical or organic fertilization and no mulch (control). Data regarding number of produced capitula, dry matter of inflorescences and plant drug matter were totaled after five months of planting. Flavonoids were quantified by spectrophotometry. The results were statistically analyzed (ANOVA / Tukey-Kramer test-5 percent) and showed significant differences (70 percent higher) for number of inflorescences, inflorescence dry matter and plant drug matter between the treatment with organic fertilization (3) and treatments with no chemical or organic fertilization with mulching (5) and control (6). The remaining comparisons, including flavonoid content, did not result in significant differences among treatments.

Formas de aplicação de cama-de-frango no crescimento e produção de capítulos florais de Calendula officinalis L. / Chicken manure application forms on the growth and production of Calendula officinalis L. capitula

Este trabalho objetivou avaliar características fisiológicas, morfológicas e a produção de inflorescências em cultura de Calendula officinalis em função do fornecimento de cama-de-frango de corte semidecomposta. O experimento conduzido em Latossolo Vermelho distroférrico contou com quatro tratamentos, a testemunha, cama incorporada, cama em cobertura e cama em cobertura (50 por cento) mais incorporada (50 por cento) na dose 20 t ha-1. Empregou-se o delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados em parcelas subdivididas, com seis repetições. Os valores de matéria fresca e seca dos capítulos florais decresceram com o tempo de cultivo. As formas de fornecimento da cama-de-frango não interferiram na síntese de clorofila (44,812 µg cm-2), no metabolismo fotossintético (20,938 µmol m-2 s-1) e na transpiração das plantas (6,750 Mmol m-2 s-1), com valores mais elevados aos 112 dias após o transplantio. A maior produção total de capítulos foi observada sob cultivo com cama-de-frango 50 por cento incorporada e 50 por cento em cobertura (1361,16 kg ha-1) e a menor no tratamento testemunha (939,28 kg ha-1).

This study aimed to evaluate physiological and morphological characteristics of inflorescences in culture of Calendula officinalis according to the supply of semi-decomposed poultry manure. The experiment was conducted in dystrophic Red Latosol and included four treatments: control, incorporate litter, cover litter and cover (50 percent) incorporated (50 percent) litter at the level 20 t ha-1. The randomized split-plot block design was adopted, with six replicates. The values of fresh and dry matter of capitula decreased with the cultivation time. The forms of chicken manure supply did not interfere with chlorophyll synthesis (44.812 µg cm²) and photosynthetic metabolism (20.938 µmol m-2 s-1) and plant transpiration (6.750 Mmol m-2 s-1), with the highest values at 112 days after transplanting. At 126 days after transplanting, the highest production of capitula (16.0 capitula plant -1) was verified for the treatment cover (50 percent) incorporated (50 percent) litter, with the highest diameter (46 to 50mm) incorporated. The highest total production of capitula was observed for cultivation with 50 percent incorporated and 50 percent cover poultry manure (1362.16 kg ha-1) and the lowest production was noted for the control treatment (939.28 ha-1).

Influencia de los bioplaguicidas en los parámetros de calidad de Calendula officinalis L y Matricaria recutita L / Biopesticides influence on the quality parameters of Calendula officinalis L and Matricaria recutita L

INTRODUCCIÓN: Calendula officinalis L y Matricaria recutita L son dos especies medicinales de gran importancia económica y social en Cuba, su cultivo con frecuencia anual se ha visto afectado por la aparición de plagas y enfermedades, con el deterioro del rendimiento de masa vegetal y en su calidad. OBJETIVOS: determinar la influencia de los bioplaguicidas en los parámetros de calidad de Calendula officinalis L y Matricaria recutita L MÉTODOS: las drogas vegetales, fueron sometidas a tratamiento con bioplaguicidas de origen botánico: (Melia azederach L y Nicotiana tabacum L) y de origen biológico: (los hongos Beauveria bassiana, Verticillun lecanii y Trichoderma viridis, con la bacteria Bacillus thuringiensis), teniendo en cuenta los bajos costos y métodos sencillos de obtención de sus extractos sin causar prejuicios al medio. Los parámetros de calidad realizados a las inflorescencias en ambas drogas vegetales después de secadas a 38 ºC y trituradas fueron: humedad, cenizas totales, sustancias solubles, aceite esencial y flavonoides totales. RESULTADOS: se comprobó que las aplicaciones por nebulización de los bioplaguicidas no evidenciaron influencia en las cenizas totales, actuaron en la superficie de los capítulos florales por la propiedad repelente o veneno contacto que poseen los bioplaguicidas empleados; se observó aumento en los flavonoides totales y en las sustancias solubles en etanol 70 por ciento en el caso de C officinalis, mientras M recutita mostró favorecidos los porcentajes de sustancias solubles en agua y aceite esencial con respecto a los testigos. CONCLUSIONES: se controló el umbral económico de infestación en estos cultivos y se favoreció la calidad de las drogas obtenidas

INTRODUCTION: Calendula officinalis L and Matricaria recutita L are two medicinal species of a great economic and social significance in Cuba, its growing with yearly frequency has been affected by appearance of plagues and diseases deteriorating the plant mass performance and its quality. OBJECTIVES: to determine the biopesticides influence on quality parameters of Calendula officinalis L and Matricaria recutita L. METHODS: the plant drugs underwent a botanical origin biopesticides treatment: (Melia azederach L and Nicotiana tabacum L) and of biological origin: (the mushrooms Beauveria bassiana, Verticillun lecanii and Trichoderma viridis with the bacteria Bacillus thuringiensis), taking into account the low costs and single methods to obtain its extracts without damage the environment. The quality parameters performed to inflorescence in both plant drugs after its drying at 38 ºC and grinding were: humidity, total ashes, soluble substances, essential oil and total flavonoids. RESULTS: it was proved that applications by biopesticides nebulization have not influence on total ashes, working in surface of floral inflorescence due to repellent property or poison-contact present in biopesticides used noting an increase in total flavonoids and in soluble substances in 70 percent ethanol in the case of C officinalis whereas M recutita showed as favored the percentages of soluble substances in water and in essential oil as regards the controls. CONCLUSIONS: in these cultures the infestation economic threshold favoring the quality of drugs obtained

Influência do substrato e do tamanho da célula de bandejas de poliestireno expandido no desenvolvimento de mudas e produção de calêndula (Calendula officinalis L. ) / Influence of substrate and cell size of expanded polystyrene tray on the development and production of marigold (Calendula officinalis L. ) seedlings

A calêndula (Calendula officinalis L.) é uma planta medicinal anual de origem Mediterrânica que apresenta propriedades antiinflamatórias, antivirais, antigenotóxicas. A propagação desta planta normalmente é feita por sementes, sendo o uso de bandejas de poliestireno uma forma econômica de produção de mudas. Foram conduzidos dois experimentos com o objetivo de avaliar a interferência de dois tamanhos de célula em bandeja de poliestireno expandido (40 cm³ e 12 cm³) e de dois substratos (solo + esterco bovino curtido e substrato comercial tipo Plantmax para hortaliças®) sobre a qualidade de mudas e a produção de calêndula. O delineamento estatístico nos dois experimentos foi em blocos casualizados, dispostos em arranjo fatorial 2 x 2 (dois substratos e dois tamanhos de células) com seis repetições. Os tratamentos, referentes aos tamanhos das células foram bandeja com 128 células (40 cm³ de volume) e, bandeja com 288 células (12 cm³ de volume). Os substratos utilizados foram solo de cerrado + esterco bovino curtido (1:1) e substrato comercial tipo "Plantmax para hortaliças®". Parte das mudas foi transplantada para avaliação da produção de capítulos. Houve diferenças significativas entre os substratos para as variáveis: matéria seca de parte aérea, matéria seca da raiz e matéria seca total. O uso do substrato formulado com solo de cerrado e esterco bovino proporcionou o melhor desenvolvimento das mudas de calêndula. Contudo, os diferentes tipos de substrato e bandejas de poliestireno não influenciaram significativamente a produção de capítulos das mudas transplantadas.

Marigold Calendula (Calendula officinalis L.) is an annual medicinal plant of Mediterranean origin which presents anti-inflammatory, antiviral and antigenotoxic properties. This species normally propagates through seeds, and the use of polystyrene trays is an economic way to produce its seedlings. Two experiments were carried out to evaluate the influence of two cell sizes of expanded polystyrene trays (40 cm³ and 12 cm³) and two substrates (soil + cattle manure and Plantmax® commercial substrate for vegetables) on marigold production and seedling quality. Experimental design in both assays was in randomized blocks, in a 2x2 factorial arrangement (two substrates and two cell sizes), with six replicates. Treatments regarding cell sizes were trays presenting 128 cells (40 cm³) and trays containing 288 cells (12 cm³). The used substrates were cerrado soil + cattle manure (1:1) and Plantmax® commercial substrate for vegetables. Part of the seedlings was transplanted to evaluate capitulum production. There were significant differences among substrates for total, root and shoot dry matter. The use of substrate containing cerrado soil and cattle manure led to the best development of marigold seedlings. However, the different types of substrates and polystyrene trays did not significantly influence capitulum production in transplanted seedlings.

Sistema de policultivos en plantas medicinales: aloe vera, Calendula officinalis, Matricaria recutita, Plantago lanceolata y Plantago major / System of polycultures in medicinal plants: aloe vera, Calendula officinalis, Matricaria recutita, Plantago lanceolata and Plantago major

Fundamentos: existe una tendencia creciente por los agricultores a desarrollar las producciones agrícolas mediante sistemas de policultivos. Objetivos: demostrar las ventajas del sistema de policultivo sobre el monocultivo basados en el incremento del rendimiento de masa vegetal de las especies que lo integran. Métodos: en la Estación Experimental de Plantas Medicinales Dr Juan Tomás Roig se investigó sobre suelo ferralítico rojo hidratado (ferralsols), en una plantación establecida de Aloe vera (L.) N. L. Burm. cultivo perenne y principal, el intercalamiento de varias especies: Calendula officinalis L., Matricaria recutita L., Plantago lanceolata L. y Plantago major L.; cultivos de períodos vegetativos cortos para aprovechar el espacio entre surcos que requiere esta planta; se determinó el rendimiento de masa vegetal fresca en cada una de las especies de esta compleja asociación y se compararon con los de sus respectivos cultivos únicos o monocultivos. Los valores obtenidos se analizaron mediante análisis de varianza, además se calculó el incremento productivo a partir del cual se determinó el uso equivalente de la tierra. Resultados: de forma general, se encontró en todas las especies componentes del policultivo (cultivo permanente y plantas intercaladas) ventajas sobre el monocultivo en cuanto a sus rendimientos, sin afectación de los principios activos, así como el aumento de la eficiencia productiva de los suelos. Conclusiones: se demostró en las especies estudiadas la superioridad que ofrece el sistema de siembra por policultivo.

Foundations: there is an increasing trend on the part of the agriculturists to develop productions by polyculture systems. Objectives: to show the advantages of the polyculture system over the monoculture based on the increase of the yield of plant mass of the species included. Methods: in an established plantation of Aloe vera (L.) N. L. Burm., perennial and main culture, with hydrated red ferriferous soil (ferralsols), at Dr Juan Tomás Roig Experimental Station of Medicinal Plants, it was investigated the intercropping of various species: Calendula officinalis L., Matricaria recutita L., Plantago lanceolata L. and Plantago major L.; cultures of short vegetative periods used to avail the space between furrows required by this plant. The yielding of fresh plant mass was also determined in each of the species of this complex association and they were compared with those of their respective unique cultures or monocultures. The values obtained were analyzed by variance analysis. The productive growth from which the equivalent use of the soil was determined was calculated, too. Results: generally, in all the species composing the polyculture (permanent culture and intercropped plants) there were advantages over the monoculture as regards their yieldings without affecting the active principles. An increase of the productive efficiency of the soils was also observed. Conclusions: the superiority of the polyculture system was proved in the studied species.

Environment and the geographical distribution of genus Matricaria L.[compositae]in Iraq

The present work is apart of comparative systematic study of the genus MAtricaria L. in Iraq. Based on the information gathered from the field trips for the some districts of the country and labels of hebarium specimens maps for geographical distribution were made for the genus and their species the study has been shown that M.aurea [Loefl.] Schi-Bip is the most common and wide spread taxon in the districts of the country, whereas M.recutita L. was Rare Overlapping states have been presented and discussed. Table was also presented to the genes species distribution and their Ecology